So we are now in a place to gather together all these connotations of the term paradise and relate them to our mosaic. It is enacted in the Holy Liturgy that is performed within its embrace, for the mosaic is in an apse and therefore surrounds the sanctuary and Holy Table. 561, some restorations done in mid-19th century) Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy. The mosaic aims to encompass not just the beginning but also the end, the fulfilment of Gods work of salvation in Christ. Download Full Size Image. (remains, remain), Early Christian, 417-421; Church of Santa Croce, Ravenna; Placidia wasn't actually buried there, but was a patron of it; made of spolia/reused bricks; may have also been a memorial chapel, may have been buried in San Vitale; 13th century held that she was buried in the mausoleum; most likely buried in Rome in St. Peter's, windows first glass, now alabaster; barrel vaults in the equal cross arms; originally made of ancient yellow marble; large sarcophagi, probably last few Roman emperors. A hand symbolizing the voice of the Father. Above him is a great golden cross set within in an orb of star speckled blue. Above him is a great golden cross set within in an orb of star speckled blue. Why then did He allow His light to shine in this particular instance, on Mount Tabor? But the wonderful thing is that this mosaic depicts not just the event, but also the meaning of the event its many meanings. After he had communed with God and received the tablets of the law on Sinai, Moses had to leave the summit and descend back to the encamped Israelites. Tradition has it that in 9th century the relics of . Mosaics in the nave of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna (northern Italy) depicting twenty-two female saints, preceded by the three Magi, processing towards the Virgin and Child, and twenty-six male saints, probably originally preceded by *Stephen (the First Martyr, S00030), processing towards Christ; created under Bishop Agnellus, 557/570. My first encounter with this mosaic I can best liken to smelling a host of fragrances that had drifted over the wall of a concealed garden. [1] Peter and his companions were very sleepy, but when they became fully awake, they saw his glory and the two men standing with him. 6th century. The interior decoration includes acanthus leaf capitals, presumably imported from Constantinople (now Istanbul). Our mosaic concentrates not so much on the event as on its outcome, its purpose. Despite its former arian cult, the inner mosaic decoration shows two implementation phases: around 561, after Goths were run out of town, the church was converted to Catholic orthodoxy (Justinian's Edict) and consecrated to Tours' Bishop, with the name of St. Martin in "Gold Heaven" - because of its shining gold lacunar ceiling. a fire into many flames divided, This hymn was composed perhaps as early as the fifth century, and certainly no later than the seventh, so it may well have been known by the person who designed the mosaic and therefore supports this interpretation of the bees on Apollinares chasuble. Each side are the four winged creatures, each holding a Gospel. A house church can best be described as: Choose one answer. Through us the cosmos can become garment and adornment for the Body of Christ. - [Steven] In fact, this is one of only two churches in the world that retain its nave wall decorations. our published articles. Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy, Magic Lantern Glass Slide. Let us put up three shelters one for you, one for Moses and one for Elijah. (He did not know what he was saying.). They are the only human figures in our mosaic that are clothed entirely in white. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. But I would suggest that our cross also suggests the Ascension, or rather the words of the angels accompanying the Ascension: Men of Galilee, they said, why do you stand here looking into the sky? So our mosaic suggests a link between this promise to Abraham and the kingdom to come, in which the faithful from many nations are gathered into the New Jerusalem, the kingdom of God, to live in an everlasting covenant with Christ. - [Steven] On the south wall These and other anomalies immediately invite us on a journey to try and discover their meaning. [1] Saint Irenaeus, quoted in Man and the Incarnation: A Study in The Biblical Theology of Irenaeus by Gustaf Wingren. They were not Romans, For the Greeks it became paradeisos, a park for animals. It is clear from their branch collars that the larger trees in the mosaic have been pruned. The Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo was also erected by Theuderic. We think of Mount Sinai in particular, where Moses met the Lord. Round campaniles appeared occasionally in later periods; the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa (begun in 1173), sheathed in a series of superimposed arcades, is a more elaborate version of this type. We could say that he is there simply because he was the first bishop of Ravenna. The artists power over his or her medium is that of craft and wisdom (Minerva the Roman god of wisdom was pertinently also the good of crafts). On one side female The Church can prophetically oppose a secular power that acts contrary to Gods commandments, but it can also accept material assistance from it if this genuinely aids the Churchs spiritual work and benefits peoples lives. The mosaic possesses various concentric bands of enclosure. God promised: I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you (Genesis 17:7). and the Christ child surrounded by four angels. We're not sure who they are. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. It is in fact a depiction of the Transfiguration of Christ, as described in the Gospel accounts of Matthew 17:1-8, Mark 9:2-8 and, most notably, Luke 9:28-36. 6th century (Original mosaics ca. Bishop Apollinare is celebrating the liturgy. of Classe at the west end and make their way led by the three magi toward the Virgin Mary the capital city had been moved to Ravenna, bearded man with gold halo, cross [symbol of martyrdom], book; striped tunic [dalmatica] worn by deacons and bishops, mantle [pallium] conferred on bishop by Pope; cupboard with gospel books; metal grille w/fire, because Lawrence was grilled alive, Christ is a beardless youth, long hair, halo; holding cross in one hand, feeding lamb; in gold and purple as an imperial figure; pose reflects both Christian and classical (Orpheus) imagery, style of mosaics (Mausoleum of Galla Placidia), Late Antique Roman; impressionistic, illusionistic; floor, space, depth, perspective, small; dark blue background; 567 8-pointed stars in concentric circles; gold cross, arms pointing eastward, seven stars (of the Apocalypse or planets), four symbols of the Evangelists, shaped like a pinecone, sign of immortality. But the one passage that perhaps best describes this remarkable mosaic is from the Bible: For [the Father] has made known to us in all wisdom and insight the mystery of His will, according to His purpose which He set forth in Christ as a plan for the fullness of time, to unite all things in Him, things in heaven and things on earth. Picture Information. The Cross: Christs Second Coming in glory, The jewelled Cross, sign of Christs transfiguration, crucifixion and Second Coming. Finally, paradise came to be equated with Eden through the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek. Please check your entries and try again. (D) destroyed. But I would suggest that Saint Apollinare, as well as being an individual person, a bishop and a saint, also represents the whole Church in her Eucharistic fullness, giving thanks for and offering all creation. I have the privilege of possessing a few of the original sixth century tesserae from this mosaic, given me by one of the restorers who worked on it in the 1970s. And instead of the mountain of Tabor we have a garden. Some of the Church Fathers say that Adam and Eve were in fact clothed with light before the fall, and only became naked when they turned from Gods ways. In Christian symbolism bees represent the immortality of the soul and the resurrection (for a hive seems to come back from the dead after three months of winter hibernation). Sometimes in the Gospels people blurt out things that appear to be mistakes but end up being prophetical. emperor in Constantinople sent his general to get Thanks for subscribing! , Cite this page as: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, "SantApollinare Nuovo, Ravenna," in, Reframing Art History, a new kind of textbook, Guide to AP Art History vol. In turn: Secondly, the curvature of the apse itself is a form of enclosure. Being a human person capable of a relationship with the living God, Saint Apollinare has a halo of gold. So the garden around Apollinare is the outcome of love and craft, and of God and man working together in synergy. They went up onto a mountain to pray. They had a God-given task, and this task once fulfilled would lead to their perfection, which was union with God, transfiguration. In Gods plan this royal and crafting role is inextricably tied to our priestly role, since in the Eucharist we offer not wheat and grapes, but bread and wine, which are the fruit of human labour. - [Beth] These were foreigners. It is enacted in the Holy Liturgy that is performed within its embrace, for the mosaic is in an apse and therefore surrounds the sanctuary and Holy Table. my blood, and remember me. So we are now in a place to gather together all these connotations of the term paradise and relate them to our mosaic. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Brilliant! 21:23). Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Mosaics! And St Iranaeus, Because of his boundless love, Jesus became what we are that he might make us to be what he is (Against Heresies, V). Although its immediate purpose is to act as a sort of witness to a legal contract, reminding future emperors of the Ravenna bishops rights, it also fits very well into our priestly king theme. It is a precursor to the rich vision that St Maximus the Confessor was to write about a century later, where in Christ the human person becomes both microcosm and mediator, to use Lars Thunbergs phrase. When modern man makes streetlights for the night he places the lampposts regularly and makes each lamp identical in brightness and colour. The other one is in Rome, We think of Mount Sinai in particular, where Moses met the Lord. The mosaic was very colorful and had two Greek inscriptions that describe the ancient church fathers, who built the church for a martyr named "Theodoros." The mosaic was also covered in. Whereas the Melchezidek mosaic opposite combines the roles of priest and king in one person, here the principle is expressed by the, ideally, harmonious relationship between two distinct entities, the state and the Church. As he was praying, the appearance of his face changed, and his clothes became as bright as a flash of lightning. This is an appropriate scene, both because of the Holy Liturgy that is celebrated in front of it and because of our mosaics priestly and regal theme. It is where we are in intimate communion with God. Thank you! Together with the rocks and the trees this mosaic represents all three kingdoms: the mineral, vegetable and animal realms. In so doing, Christ raised up the created and fallen human life that He had assumed (the six days of creation), so that it could participate in divine and eternal life (the eighth day). The three bands of mosaics correspond to those on the left wall . This sign of the Son of Man has been understood by the Church Fathers to be the cross. Last Supper - Sant'Apollinare Nuovo - Ravenna. The Journal covers visual arts, music, The phrase Son of Man coming in his Kingdom the phrase often used to describe Christs Second Coming at the end of the age. Photos cannot do justice to this mosaic. All this fecundity is finally embraced and contained by a broad arch of foliage that supports a host of birds, singing no doubt. The combo ticket includes a small museum on site, as well as the churches of San Vitale and Galla Placidia. And finally, the walls of the whole basilica would have been another level of enclosure since originally the basilica would have been or at least have intended to be - full of mosaic, thus making its whole interior a garden. Every ministry that Bishops, priests and lay possess is in fact a participation in Christs ministry. Christ is the second Adam, who becomes and fulfils all that the first Adam (that is, us) failed to be and do. By the 6th century BC the Assyrians had adopted it as pardesu, domain. yet never dimmed by sharing of its light, The Creator in His turn transfigures and offers this world back to us. While he was speaking, a cloud appeared and covered them, and they were afraid as they entered the cloud. This Arian church was originally dedicated in 504 AD to 'Christ the Redeemer'. As with the eighth day Resurrection, the childs eighth day circumcision is the first day of his everlasting membership of Gods community. On the right is Archbishop Reparatus (671-677), receiving from the Emperor the scroll with its promise of privileges. Thank you now for the clarity of this revelation and explanation. These figures hold books and scrolls. When the church was This is the institution of For this reason the Son also appeared in the fullness of time to show how the copy resembles Him.[1]. Global shipping available. There is some iconography that can only be described as miraculous. Our bishop Apollinare is a spiritual gardener as well as a priest. Abel, Melchezidek, Abraham and Isaac, 7th century. And above the cross is the Greek word for fish, , the famous acrostic formed by the initials of five Greek words meaning Jesus Christ, Son of God, the Saviour. So as well as depicting Apollinare as a celebrating bishop, our mosaic also suggests his and by extension, our role as acting role as kings and queens within the world. Identify the following term or individual and explain their significance. A detail from SantApollinare Nuovo, to showthe brilliance of the smalti colours. why was the mausoleum a location for imperial burials? The Ostrogoth king, People visit mountaintops, but they do not stay there. Some of these themes were without doubt intended by the designer of the mosaic. The uppermost band presents Christ's . Mosaics in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna (6th century) The sumptuous mosaics that cover the walls of the nave in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo reflect the dominant role that mosaics had assumed in the churches of the Christian East. Hence we find below the cross also the Latin words, Salus Mundi, the salvation of the world. Absolutely! (2) Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (2) Chapel of Sant'Andrea (4) Baptistery of Neon (5) Basilica of San Vitale (6) the Mausoleum of Gall Placidia; If you're traveling by car and have ample time, consider stopping at the Classis Museum first. There are in fact ninety-nine stars in our mosaic. Like the empire it served, it was a direct continuation from its Imperial Roman predecessor, but played a far greater role in the defence and survival of the state than its earlier iteration. (The Feast of the Transfiguration, Great Vespers, Aposticha). The UNESCO World Cultural Heritage-listed Church of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo has some of the most impressive and interesting Late Antiquity and Byzantine mosaics in Ravenna, Italy. The priesthood and regal role of Saint Apollinare depicted below is a participation in the priesthood and kingship of the Archpriest and King of kings depicted above. It has a unique collection of early Christian mosaics and monuments. In fact it replaces the mountain with a garden, a paradise. Such is the sixth century apse mosaic at the basilica of Saint Apollinare in Classe, five miles from Ravenna, Italy. So our mosaic suggests a link between this promise to Abraham and the kingdom to come, in which the faithful from many nations are gathered into the New Jerusalem, the kingdom of God, to live in an everlasting covenant with Christ. It is where we are in intimate communion with God. So with Basilica di Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, we enjoyed every look. Another clue to this link between the Lords Transfiguration and His Second Coming is His other statement, eight days before the Transfiguration: Truly I tell you, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God. The most immediate meaning of these words is understood by most commentators to refer to Christs coming Transfiguration. This church contains magnificent mosaics depicting the teachings, miracles, Passion, and Resurrection of Christ; these are among the oldest such representations in existence and are. This mechanical repetition is tiring to our eyes, he said. Please check your email for further instructions. Imagine a verdant garden. Lucky for us ! The shrubs, rocks and flowering plants are likewise arranged, with a perfect imperfection. They are generally taken to indicate Christs Second Coming, for He will come like the sun rising. St Irenaeus reminds us that though Adam and Eve were sinless before the fall they were not yet perfect. worship of the Church. And just like Sant'Apollinare in Nuovo, there would have been mosaics all along the nave, but those are gone. development of mosaics in Ravenna from the age of Theodoric to that of Justinian from a. stylistic as well as historiographical standpoint. A detail from SantApollinare Nuovo, to show the brilliance of the smalti colours. The gures removed from the two mosaics originally held ideologically . But this visual discourse is not merely to be observed. For this reason the Son also appeared in the fullness of time to show how the copy resembles Him.[1]. Sunlight enters each piece and re-emerges as emerald tinted. I am a mosaicist myself, and have noticed that these smalti glass tesserae, especially the green ones, are somewhat more translucent than modern smalti. But the rest of the cosmos is nevertheless also capable of participating in Gods glory, each thing according to its capacity. 1 / 13 Mausoleum of Galla Placidia What change was introduced in the mosaics of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo? In the centre is Christ in a medallion. Either side of the crosss arms are the Greek letters Alpha and Omega, the first and last letters of the alphabet. The shrubs, rocks and flowering plants are likewise arranged, with a perfect imperfection. Lukes mention of eight days is a further affirmation of this interpretation. Abel the shepherd stands to his right offering a lamb, and Abraham to his left offering his son Isaac. Aaron with the tabernacle. So in our mosaic trees, rocks and sheep are surrounded an aura of either yellow or rich green tesserae. So some art historians conjecture that what was here that had to be replaced specifically had to do with Arianism, which was now heretical, or perhaps with Theodoric and his family. It embraces you. the Father], and the image of God is the Son, in whose image man was created. On the arch above the apse: Twelve lambs (apostles) converging toward central medallion with Christ. It is however not impossible that it is a remake of an earlier work made at the same time as the conch mosaic, in the sixth century. This is the same principle He applies when He tells the disciples that He must depart this world so that He can send them the Holy Spirit. - [Beth] The female virgin martyrs that we see all carry crowns. As St Athanasius, wrote, God became man, that we might become gods (On the Incarnation, 54:3). Sant'Apollinare Nuovo. In the Gospel of Matthew Christ tells us that at His coming again there will appear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven (Matthew 24:30). Something went wrong. The palace-church of Sant' As with the eighth day Resurrection, the childs eighth day circumcision is the first day of his everlasting membership of Gods community. - Animals. This orb, encircled with a jewel-studded crown, hovers within a sky of gold and sunrise coloured clouds. about 450. Sant'Apollinare Nuovo: Right Side of the Nave. And so we have this church as evidence of these two different beliefs Before this apse the faithful participate in the divine feast and are themselves transfigured into the body of Christ. Firstly, the apsidal dome mosaic is bounded by a broad decorative band. There's another frieze of large figures that are interrupted by the windows on the side of the church. What does all this imagery mean? On the south wall of the apse is a depiction of the priest king Melchizedek. century and in part from the second half of the 6th century, allows us to follow the. I think there are few examples of liturgical art that embody such a wide spectrum of Christs work as this mosaic at SantApollinare in Classe. The Scriptures after all end in the city of God coming down out of heaven to earth, radiant in its fullness, for the glory of God gives it light, and the Lamb is its lamp (Rev. This collection _______ the best short stories I have ever read. Two New Mosaics for St Georges Orthodox Church, Houston, Texas, New Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator in Cardiff, Wales, The Mosaic Apse of SantApollinare in Classe, Ravenna. The other one is in Rome, Santa Maria Maggiore. How do we know that this mosaic depicts the Transfiguration? And above the cross is the Greek word for fish, , the famous acrostic formed by the initials of five Greek words meaning Jesus Christ, Son of God, the Saviour.. SPEAKER 2: What we do have is an extraordinary apse mosaic. The ultimate purpose of Christs incarnation was our own deification, our union with Him. The effect of seeing exactly the same iconography again and again, no matter how profound its original conception might be, can be to put us to sleep spiritually rather than open our noetic eyes. This was a church that of the arts to the beauty of the Kingdom of God Scholars date the uppermost tier of the triumphal arch to the ninth century. In Genesis Adam and Eve try to hide from God in Eden. A paradise is a secure enclosure, with the suggestion therefore of permanence; it is a domain, a kingdom; it is a large garden or park; it includes animals; it is a royal park, where the king and queen enjoy the company of their family and friends; and it is a place where God has placed us and given us a task. But he also dressed like a Roman senator, his toga bearing the senatorial shoulder to hem stripe. At its heart is a medallion bearing an image of Christ. As he was praying, the appearance of his face changed, and his clothes became as bright as a flash of lightning. They are labelled Moses and Elijah (MOYSES and HbELYAS to be precise), and it is they who appeared with Christ during the Transfiguration. Magnificent Basilica. 504, Orthodox revisions ca. But here His voice is suggested by the presence of a hand reaching down from the golden heavens. This is a sign of intercession and, most critically, the gesture used by the presiding bishop or priest at the epiclesis when, on behalf of all the faithful, he asks the Holy Spirit to come down upon us and these gifts here spread forth. The brightly coloured clouds suggest the bright cloud that overshadowed them. Emperor Justinian, San Vitale, Ravenna, 6th century. By association they also set everyone who worships in the basilica within the fellowship of all believers, past, present and future. This suggests, as with Melchezidek, a union of priestly and royal ministries. 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