In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. Rise of Germany . He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. France was then ravaged by an internal war between the Orlanists (a family in the duchy of Orlans, in north central France) and the Burgundians (a family in the duchy of Burgundy, in northeastern France), who were both claiming the right to the French throne. While preparing to confront Adrian's forces, the Comuneros discovered that they were divided among themselves. They Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. His childhood was remarkable because of his enlightened, humanist education. Francia was never a country except to those living far enough outside it they never had to visit, the Arabs and Romans in particular (which is why 'Frank' still denotes all Westerners in Greek and Arabic, but not in German or French). Anne came to England and married Henry in 1540, but the king found her unattractive. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. Ferdinand was the crown prince of the kingdom of Aragon when, in 1469, he married Isabella, who was his cousin and heir to the throne of Castile. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. He had neither won nor regained any territory. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. . Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. Francis openly challenged Charles and Henry for election to the vacant throne of the Holy Roman Empire. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. For instance, he threw a servant out of the window when the young man crossed him. A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader, or head of state.. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. The ships did not set sail again until July. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. Almost from the beginning, things went wrong with the complicated Spanish plan. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. Jews were forbidden to take most of their possessions with them if they chose to leave the country. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. There have been hundreds, if not thousands, of different kingdoms throughout history. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. Introduction. Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). Cromwell was eager to form an alliance against Charles V by joining England with one of the Protestant states in Germany. For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. MikeMeHigh. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. France and Germany were both once part of what feudal Kingdom? Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. The Franks began as a number of Germanic tribes that migrated from northern Europe into Gaul. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. Unable to capture Paris by force, Henry embraced Catholicism in 1593 and entered the city peacefully the following year. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler, gave gifts of gold and silver as peace offerings. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. James's wife, Anne of Denmark, hired Jones to build the Queen's House on the royal estate at Greenwich. For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. the emperor's wishes. Reviews. Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. In Rise of Kingdoms, Lyceum of Wisdom is the place where you can come and answer a lot of trivia quizzes regarding the game itself and the world history in general and earn a lot of valuable rewards. The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. Monarchies used to rule the world. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. It was the first grammar school to provide rigorous instruction in the classical languages. LifeAfter. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. Indeed, it seemed to many Europeans that "God had turned into a Spaniard" by 1584. The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). Spain and forced the Jews to convert to Islam. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. His advisers also needed to pay back a loan of 850,000 florins (the Italian unit of currency) they had received from Jacob Fugger (14591525), a wealthy German banker. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). . Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. James also had to contend with religious unrest. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. But there's a lot more work than simply choosing the best nation - and . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. or leaving the dominion of Castile. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). 15281576). Real-time Battles: In this game, you can do the battles on a huge . This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). 3. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. From the beginning of all human society in Mesopotamia 4,000 years ago, to the end of the British Empire in the mid-20th century, kings and queens controlled the most powerful countries on the globe. The map shows Italy in the early 19th century. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. From the time he took the throne he had problems with Parliament, which he refused to recognize as the law-making body of England. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3), by Thomas Babington Macaulay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. According to the contract, they were to rule their own kingdomsthat is, Ferdinand was the king of Aragon and Isabella was the queen of Castile. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. Many Moriscos paid considerable sums of money to Catholic Church officials so they could stay in the country. Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. Philip immediately began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. Question 9. 6. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) Francia. This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Ferdinand and Isabella first waged war against the Moorish kingdom of Granada, on the southern end of the peninsula. In 1356 French forces were defeated at Poitiers. Which of these commanders carries a bow and arrows as well as a sword? Francia. Ferdinand feared that the Habsburgs would influence Charles to place their own interests above the needs of Spain. Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. Years' War. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. Much like moder. do with the translation. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. When Isabella died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516. Which commander is known as the Conqueror of Chaos? The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . The Netherlands had always been the Spanish territory closest to Charles's heart, and many noblemen wept during his speech. rise of kingdoms . Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. His excuse was that he was forced to sign the document at a time when he could not think clearly. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. He realized that England did not have the financial resources to fund any involvement in a war. The French effort collapsed in 1528. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. 3. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. Nevertheless, Henry managed to recruit many able sea captains to go on his venture. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. ." The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. The Spanish then invaded France, taking Toulon and other parts of southeast France. Olivares had plans for far-reaching reform that he hoped would solve Spain's economic and political problems. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. The grand tour of Europe, which often included extended visits to Rome and Florence, became part of the education of young English aristocrats and gentlemen. England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. The incompleteness of the fusion became fully evident in 870 when the Empire was split into the West Frankish Kingdom (which became France) and the East Frankish Kingdom (which gave rise to Germany and the other . Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. Henry succeeded in restoring prosperity (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. For about twenty years the Netherlands maintained virtual control of Brazil and its sugar production, before being thrown out by an increasingly independent Brazilian population. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. continent, scores of European traders managed to return from Cathay and the islands with valuable goods. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. The Portuguese viceroy placed in charge of Portuguese colonization, Alfonso de Albuquerque battered his way across the Indian Ocean. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. 30 seconds. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. 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