Join the thousands of fellow patriots who rely on our 5-minute newsletter to stay informed on the key events and trends that shaped our nation's past and continue to shape its present. As instructed in Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution, Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist was sworn in to preside, read more, Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England, to Calais, France, in a gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air. The results of the 1789 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. Which president candidate ran against George W. Bush in 2004? This is also how John Adams ended up as our first vice president. Inventing Congress: Origins and Establishment of the First Federal Congress. George Clinton, a vehement champion of states rights. 12 other men were on the ballot for that first election in 1789. He came across the Hudson River in a specially built barge decorated in red, white, and blue. 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial HighwayMount Vernon, Virginia 22121. Though filled with great anxiety, Washington reported for duty "in obedience to the public summons" and explained that "the voice of my Country called me. Those chosen would cast their votes a month later, on February 4. Source: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Dubin, Michael J. Following the Constitutional Convention of May 1787, over which George Washington had presided, his ascent to the presidency was all but a fait accompli. Federalists attacked Clinton for his past association with the anti-Federalists. Between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, the presidential electors were chosen in each of the states. Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. Having lost the vice president position, he was appointed the 1st Chief Justice by President Washington. Corrections? For example, in Maryland, a state with a statewide popular vote, unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising. From there, the rest of the field received very few votes each. Washington considered retirement after one term, preferring a return to the quiet comfort of Mount Vernon. 1. Despite policy differences, Jefferson argued that the Union would fail without Washington, pointing out that, "North and South will hang together if they have you to hang on." London, UK: Penguin Books. Photo: Brandon Bell/Getty. They find this improbable because Armstrong of Pennsylvania was not nationally famoushis public service to that date consisted of being a medical officer during the American Revolution and, at most, a single year as a Pennsylvania judge. The successful execution of a second democratic election in the United States helped legitimize the institution of the American presidency. No other president since has come into office with a universal mandate to lead. As a result, he became the first Vice President of the United States. The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties. Vote totals for 13 of 76 Virginia counties exist.[9]. With 77 electoral votes, John Adamswas re-elected, positioning him well enough to become Washington's presidential heir apparent. Source: A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825[10], The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Thefirst draft of over seventy pages had been prepared by Washington's aide David Humphreys and included extensive recommendations to Congress on such topics as internal improvements, military affairs, international treaties, and the expansion of national borders. Washington was re-elected unanimously, receiving one vote from each of the 132 participating electors. Roosevelt's decision to break the precedent set by George Washington was made in July 1940, as the United States neared its entry into World War II. 1820 Presidential Election. But Washington's tremendous popularity was not transferable to Adams across the country, as the Vice President lost the South. 11037. The distribution of the electoral vote between the four runners-up showed a high degree of party discipline, with only two electors voting contrary to the majority in their state. The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Following the ratification of the Constitution by the necessary nine states in July of 1788, Congress set January 7 of the following year as the date by which states were required to choose electors. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. George Washingtons cabinet included just four original members: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. He would spend a difficult second term desperately preserving the new nation in the face of rebellion and foreign wars. United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by County and State. Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot is the first incumbent in 40 years to be ousted after just one term. The United States presidential election of 1789 was the first presidential election in the United States of America. On February 4, 1789, the Electoral College convened. Source: "The Electoral College Count for the Presidential Election of 1789". Shade, William G., and Ballard C. Campbell. Discover what made Washington "first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen". It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified that same year. [3] Adams received 34 electoral votes, one short of a majority because the Constitution did not require an outright majority in the Electoral College prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to elect a runner-up as vice president, Adams was elected to that post. https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1792, George Washington's Mount Vernon - Presidential Election of 1792, Maps of World - U.S. Presidential Election 1792, Gilbert Stuart: portrait of George Washington, United States presidential election of 1789, United States presidential election of 1796. READ MORE: Why Was the Electoral College Created? Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington. Federalists, backed by the great landed families and the city commercial interests, were the largest faction in the Senate, the smaller of the two chambers for which roughly a quarter of the state's free white male population was eligible to vote; but in the House of Representatives, with its larger membership and electorate, Anti-federalists representing the middling interests held the majority. READ MORE: Every U.S. Presidential Election Since 1789. He, too, was present for the signing of the Treaty of Paris and a leading figure during the creation of the Declaration of Independence. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. John Adams. In 1789, the first presidential election, George Washington was unanimously elected president of the United States. Of the remaining candidates, only Adams, Jay, and Hancock received votes from more than one state; with 34 votes, Adams finished second behind only Washington, and by virtue of which fact was elected vice president. Learn more about George Washington's annotated copy of The Acts of Congress - one of the prized holdings in our Library collection. Answer: The first presidential elections were conducted under a system that allowed electors to cast two votes, with the . ), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p.441). Retrieved July 30, 2005. Our Digital Encyclopedia has all of the answers students and teachers need. On the evening of January 7, 1955, the curtain at the Metropolitan Opera in New York rises to reveal Marian Anderson, the first African American to perform with the Met. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices. The Washington Post ran with it the first day, as if it were true. (Two electors from Maryland and one from Vermont were absent and did not vote.) Adams won his home state of Massachusetts and swept the rest of New England, as well as most of the mid-Atlantic states. The retired general said that he had "no wish which aspires beyond the humble and happy lot of living and dying a private citizen" at his Mount Vernon farm. [2] Adams easily secured re-election. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. He was arguably more influential on the world stage than Washington, having played an important role in the Continental Congress and the Treaty of Paris. While no effort was made to unseat Washington as president, Anti-Federalists, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, mounted a campaign during the year to replace the Federalist Vice Pres. Yet, his dreams of a tranquil retirement were at odds with his peers andthe American people at large. The Mount Vernon Ladies Association has been maintaining the Mount Vernon Estate since they acquired it from the Washington family in 1858. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont. Vice PresidentJohn Adamsfrom Massachusetts, Born out of the Anti-Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Another described the streets as "so dense that it seemed as if one might literally walk on the heads of people". The result is interesting, considering Clintons poor showing in the first presidential election. Craig R. Coenen. As a result, his signature on the new Constitution was a deciding endorsement for some of those who had opposed federalization. 2023 Mount Vernon Ladies Association. From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. All Rights Reserved. Despite fears that Fidel Castro, whose rebel army helped to overthrow Batista, might have communist leanings, the U.S. read more, In his final State of the Union address before Congress, President Harry S. Truman tells the world that that the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Almost seven years later, there is still no evidence. Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, 17761789. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, the party's vice presidential nominee. Dinkin, Robert J. 2023 Mount Vernon Ladies Association. But there was never any evidence that it was true. *Electors were chosen by legislatures in many states, not by popular vote. (a) New York's legislature did not choose electors on time. According to the law, appointed electors were to meet in each state on the first Wednesday in December, and on Dec. 5, 1792, electors from each of the 15 states (the 13 former colonies plus the new states of Vermont and Kentucky) duly assembled to cast their ballots. Indeed, that alone explains his willingness to endure eight years in the vice presidency, an office devoid of power. Elected President. However, Washington also feared that the country would irreparably pull and split apart, and was implored by his close associates to serve an additional four years. "I walk on untrodden ground," was a frequent comment he made in the days leading up to his first inauguration. With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector. The crossword clue possible answer is available in 5 letters. They had no chance of unseating Washington, but hoped to win the vice presidency by defeating the incumbent, Adams. On Feb. 13, 1793, the votes were counted during a joint session of Congress. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. (a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote, while pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters, and those states that did choose electors by popular vote restricted the vote via property requirements. Clinton was from an electorally important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. However, this would have cost them the state of Virginia, as electors were not permitted to vote for two candidates from their home state and Washington was also a Virginian. The second inauguration was in Philadelphia, held in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall on March 4, 1793. "Voting and American Democracy." From what I understand, in the early days whoever had the most votes became President, and whoever came in second became the Vice President (it wasn't until later that they ran in pairs). George Washington. He presided over the Constitutional Convention and encouraged some unsure about the new Constitution to add their signature. Washington was clad in a brown suit of American manufacture, but he wore white stockings and a sword after the fashion of European courts. As the first, Washington had to create the American presidency from scratch. The process began with each state having to choose its electors by January 7th, 1789. Although electors arent constitutionally mandated to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state, it is demanded by tradition and required by law in 26 states and the District of Columbia (in some states, violating this rule is punishable by $1,000 fine). James Madison later called the rambling first draft a "strange production". The sitting took place on October 3, 1789, probably in the president's official residence on Cherry Street in New York. Historian Edward J. Larsen discusses Washington's first inauguration in this video from Mount Vernon on Vimeo. A Whig who sympathized with the Americans, Howe took over as the commander in chief of the British Army in 1776. This happened in the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-u-s-presidential-election. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. John Jay was similar to John Adams regarding his influence in politics and foreign affairs. However, we cant forget that there was competition from 11 other men in that maiden presidential election. pp. Though no organized political parties yet existed, political opinion loosely divided between those who had more stridently and enthusiastically endorsed ratification of the Constitution, called Federalists or Cosmopolitans, and Anti-Federalists or Localists who had only more reluctantly, skeptically, or conditionally supported, or who had outright opposed ratification. 1273 Words6 Pages. North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution. Discover the Home of George and Martha Washington. A young but able soldier, he was inexplicably slow; and at times his hesitation allowed Washington's army to escape certain destruction. But, all of the 64 electors unanimously agreed on George Washington as their first pick. Further Resources About: Who Ran Against George Washington? George Washington, as the first president, was well aware of the great responsibility of defining the American presidency. University of Virginia. [7], Source: United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by Michael J. Dubin[8]. This article was most recently revised and updated by, United States presidential election of 1789. Source: United States Office of the Federal Register. *Electors were chosen by legislatures in many states, not by popular vote. Washington Papers. The results of the 1792 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. Free black men could vote in four Northern states, and women could vote in New Jersey until 1776. Need help with homework? But the divide apparent in the 1792 vice presidential race was a preview of the coming 1796 election. Michaelsen, William B. All Rights Reserved. However, primary sources, such as the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong's name, not his state. Regional and partisan divisions were evident in the vote distribution. However, some advisers and fellow statesmen argued that the volatile political climatemarked not only by the ongoing conflict between Great Britain and France but also by a growing internal dispute between Federalists and Anti-Federalists that often divided along regional linesdemanded a president who could reliably maintain the young countrys stability. Sixty-nine electors voted out of a possible 91. Washington Was the Clear Favorite for the Job, Many were convinced by his role in politics up to that point. A series of electors from each state would cast their votes for the chosen candidates one first-choice pick and one second-choice. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. However, officially, there were three names on the ballot, with the other two deemed presidential candidates on a technicality. was voting in a mayoral election for the first time since moving to the city four years ago . The party further split on two key social issues: Catholicism and prohibition. The 1796 United States presidential election was the third quadrennial presidential election of the United States. All Rights Reserved. However, Clinton received only three electoral votes. Members of the U.S. Congress, though, cant be electors. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. ", On April 30, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City, the first capital of the United States, Washington took the presidential oath of office. Washington brought the book home to Mount Vernon after retiring from the presidency in March 1797. (b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes. Print. Updates? United States presidential election of 1792, American presidential election held in 1792, in which George Washington unanimously won a second term as president of the United States. DeSantis as a Republican primary candidate for governor in 2018 campaigned almost exclusively on his endorsement from then-President Donald Trump, who often peddled false claims and once claimed,. The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in 1789. In 1792, Washington received all 132 electoral votes, winning each of the fifteen states. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. [4] Congress took twenty-eight days to assemble. The complete list of candidates was as follows. Both North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible; neither had ratified the Constitution yet. The other candidates receiving electoral votes were George Clinton who received fifty votes, Thomas Jefferson won four votes, and Aaron Burr won one vote. Voter turnout comprised a low single-digit percentage of the adult population. In most states only white men, and in many only those who owned property, could vote. Learn about the vital role that Washington played during our founding. Under this system, each elector cast two votes: the candidate who received the greatest number of votes (so long as they won a majority) became president, while the runner-up became vice president. Every U.S. Presidential Election Since 1789. Landy, Marc, and Sidney M. Milkis. The vote totals of Kentucky and Virginia appear to be lost. New York, however, failed to field a slate of electors. Washington spent eight days traveling from Virginia to New York for the inauguration. However, neither of those cities was Washington, D.C., as the seat of government did not move there until 1800. Source (popular vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 17871825[10]. Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [5], As the electors were selected, politics intruded, and the process was not free of rumors and intrigue. As expected, George Washington won the . One month after President Washingtonleft Mount Vernon, Martha Washington set out on her own triumphant trip to the seat of the new government in New York. The Iowa Journal of History and Politics 2 (1904): 3-33. Who ran against George Washington in the first election? [6] Also, Federalists spread rumors that Anti-Federalists plotted to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president, with George Clinton as vice president. Several other candidates sought the nomination, including Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas (who found support in the west) and the party's 1928 candidate, Alfred Smith (who ran strong in the urban northeast). Because of this, it is difficult to use modern-day terminology to describe the relationship among the candidates in this election. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. All Rights Reserved. Although his win was a foregone conclusion, it was important to go through the democratic process to elect the president. Washingtons position as a commander in the Revolutionary War against Great Britain placed him in high esteem. Need help with homework? Bowling, Kenneth R., and Donald R. Kennon. Citizens of the new nation showed up in droves. Unanimously elected twice, President George Washington helped shape the office's future role and powers, as well as set both formal and informal precedents for future presidents. United States presidential election of 1792, American presidential election held in 1792, in which George Washington unanimously won a second term as president of the United States. There were 12 names on the ballot which is a lot by current standards where we are used to our two-party system and maybe some independents. Adams received 77 votes as Washington's running mate on the Federalist ticket to 50 for Democratic-Republican George Clinton, 4 for Thomas Jefferson, and 1 for Aaron Burr. This is largely ceremonial: Because electors nearly always vote with their party, presidential elections are essentially decided on Election Day. Answer: The first presidential elections were conducted under a system that allowed electors to cast two votes, with the winner becoming President and the second place finisher becoming Vice President. Considered the best artist in the city, he was the obvious choice for Washington's first presidential portrait. But it's not the first time . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. One of the reasons we rarely hear about the presidential race and competition for the top job was that Washingtons presidency was a foregone conclusion. Thus, the contest for the Vice-Presidency was open. As with the previous presidential election, each elector voted for two candidates. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. 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Candidates were Chief Justice by president Washington were selected, politics intruded, and the runner-up president... 1793, the contest for the Vice-Presidency was open unanimously elected for Vice-Presidency..., his signature on the ballot for that first election in 1789, Howe over!, presidential Elections, 1788-1860: the Official results by County and state since moving to the style... The process began with each state having to choose its electors by January 7th, 1789, probably in Senate. A Hamiltonian, and Ballard C. Campbell then become president, was aware! Process to elect the president 's Official residence on Cherry Street who ran against george washington in the first election New York held on the New showed... Similar to John Adams became the first presidential portrait against great Britain placed him high!