The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. In her work The Red Record, Ida Wells has presented an analysis of the events taking place in American society in the 1880s and 1890s. It is truly frightening that this was somehow acceptable and nearly "the norm" for a considerable length of time. Summary: Chapter 26, Madness. This is not a book for the faint of heart, but it's a necessary book. for a group? As for the freed slaves it was unsuccessfully achieved socially, economically, and politically. James Craig Anderson was beaten by a group of white teenagers who were yelling racial slurs at him in a parking lot in Mississippi. John Brown, a Caucasian male who was part of this group of people, did two things that many people in United States history didnt have the passion to do. John Browns life was very interesting: His early life and transition to adulthood, his decision to fight for the cause, his actions of violence in Kansas and Harpers Ferry, along with, the long-lasting effects of these actions led to his hanging. After presenting the lynching process and atrocities, the author places the American society in its right moral position. Sometimes it can end up there. A famous African American author and civil rights leader by the name of James Weldon Johnson was deeply committed to exposing the injustice and brutality imposed on African Americans throughout the United States, especially in the Jim Crow South, The Jim Crow laws were unfair and unjust to all African-Americans by making them unequal. She collected her information for the pamphlet through painstakingly researching lynching records and compiling data. As if this was not enough, the Christian White people demanded that the two women be lynched, for no apparent reason, since the courts had acquitted them for no evidence of being involved in the crime. Because many of us are very aware of the past, the injustices that occurred and the scars that have been passed through history because of such violence. The Red Record is a face of America that to this day makes her coil away from her own reflection. During the period, the society found itself in a new form of conscience whereby a system of lawlessness and anarchy had become the common thing in the society (Wells-Barnett, 2008). Subscribe now. These are accounts of the real, celebratory atmosphere of white Americans gathering with their families and neighbors for the lynchings of Black people. I don't think that many Americans are aware of the scale of the domestic terrorism that occurred in this period. No one was ever persecuted. For over two centuries the African-Americans suffered under the ruling of white man, they served as slaves. Although Jackie Robinson , Harriet Tubman and Ida B. The Red Wings won the previous matchup vs. the Senators on New Year's Eve in Detroit, 4-2. These are just some of the numbers introduced during the 1920s for the reported lynchings. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. She wanted to expose this cruel treatment and stop it from occurring. (2000). Summary: "The Red Convertible". Her conclusion exhorts anti-lynching advocates to [t]ell the world the facts, for When the Christian world knows the alarming growth and extent of outlawry in our land, some means will be found to stop it., Holding Division: It gives imagery through the perspective of a mother who faced hurt, but brought unity to the public, to stand up for the rights of equal treatment. Lynching refers to a fatal punishment usually conducted by self-appointed groups on those who disobey a certain set of laws that may or may not be actual legal infractions. The woman was a willing partner in the victims guilt, and being of the superior race must naturally have been more guilty., Lee Walker, colored man, accused of raping white women, in jail here, will be taken out and burned by whites tonight. This paper will analyze the rape allegations given by the whites to pursue the lynching. Blacks, at the time, could be lynched for any reason for crimes proven or suspected. Ida B Wells-Barnett's The Red Recordis an argument against lynching as a means of enforcing law and order in the United States. B. Your email address will not be published. on the then former slave owners. The Red Pony (SparkNotes Literature Guide) by John Steinbeck. Wells had many different. She was active in women's rights and the women's suffrage movement, establishing several notable women's organizations. It reappears as a memory whenever Jane makes a connection between her current situation and that first feeling of being ridiculed. Great statistics. The vividness of her descriptions of the brutality of these atrocities made any reasonable person wonder what kind of "civilized" country would tolerate this action against their citizens. "The term 'lynching' probably had its origins during the Revolutionary War when Charles Lynch . Wells uses many strategies and techniques to make her arguments as convincing as possible throughout her works. The book is organized into sections that mix both statistical fact (culled from white probably under-reported sources in order to underscore the widespread nefariousness of the act of lynching) and anecdotal evidence as described by witnesses. Available Very heavy content. The The Red Record (BookRags) Study Pack contains: Project Gutenberg eBooks (1) The Red Record 35,590 words, approx. The Red Record (BookRags) by Ida B. Free trial is available to new customers only. The government neglected the Blacks because it had granted them freedom, but failed to provide them with protection from the consequences of their emancipation. Police brutality didn't enable lynchings; instead a technologically weak police precinct was constantly under attack by and bent to mob rule. The accounts here are very similar to the many European historic records of witch hunts. A black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a white male because it, Within the 1920s there were approximately around 3,496 and counting reported lynchings all over the south, In Alabama there were 361, Arkansas 492, Florida 313, Georgia 590, Kentucky 168, Louisiana 549, Mississippi 60,North Carolina 123, South Carolina 185, Tennessee 233, Texas 338, and Virginia 84 lynchings (Lynching in America). Making the reading experience fun! Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. In 2021 our local Woodrow Wilson High School changed its name to Ida B. Wells-Barnett High School (aka Wells High School). Subscribe now. Because of this, the African Americans suffered in the American society and found it impossible to realize their unique potential and empowerment. The Red Record is a resourceful piece of work that presents an analysis of moral disorder that characterized the American society during the 19th century. He had not killed her, nor seriously wounded her, but as Louisiana lynchers had not filled out their quota of crimes, his case was deemed of sufficient importance to apply the method of that barbarous people. Overview. If I were alive back in that time, this would have been motivation to make a stand. Lynch was known for quickly dispensing of jury trials, preferring instead to use hangings as a way to quickly mete out justice. (2019, May 30). South Carolina politician, J. D. Ashmore wrote the day before the election of this, The South wasn't quite ready to accept a more equal society. Really infuriates readers. In 1892 alone, more than two hundred African Americans were lynched, with alleged offenses ranging from "attempted stock poisoning" to "insulting whites." The Red Record tabulates these scenes of brutality in clear, objective statistics, allowing the horrifying facts to speak for themselves. A Site Of Struggle: Montgomery, AL - Illuminati Press, A Site Of Struggle: Montgomery, AL - Pedfire, A Site Of Struggle: Montgomery, AL - Black News, A Site Of Struggle: Montgomery, AL Gur Times, A Site Of Struggle: Montgomery, AL - Time News Business. SparkNotes PLUS Want 100 or more? You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America was written by Mamie Till-Mobley, a supporter of equal opportunities for different ethnicities. To this add the fact of the inherent prejudice against colored people, and it will be clearly seen that a white jury is certain to find a Negro prisoner guilty if there is the least evidence to warrant such a finding. The thought of emancipation, that slaves would no longer be suppressed in the South lead to fear for uprising, vengeance, etc. Suggestions. Wells-Barnett, I. In Ida B. Wells works Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases and A Red Record, Ida B. IvyPanda. Insolence, inappropriate comments or looking at White women, quarrelling with Whites, union organizing, disrespect, voting, shirking work were all reasons that Blacks were lynched. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Required fields are marked *. IvyPanda. This resulted in a reduced financial worth thereby affecting their progress (Wells-Barnett, 2008). Five minutes later he was also hanged., for all victims of the terrible injustice which puts men and women to death without form of law. These stories are actually kinda inspiring. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. In her statistics, Ida indicated that the blacks died with any trial (Wells-Barnett, 2008). Your privacy is extremely important to us. Continue to start your free trial. During the period, the issue of slavery was rampant with the blacks being useful to provide labor (Wells-Barnett, 2008). They could not eat at the same restaurant as white people, they could not used the same restrooms, and they couldn't even use the same drinking fountain. He and his brother Henry owned it together, until Henry's "boots filled with water on a windy night" and he "bought out" Lyman's share. BIG 2 DAYS: Wings see opportunity in back-to-back vs. on 50-99 accounts. Whereas before it was commonplace to subdue the soul and docile the body, after the abolition of slavery, for many former plantation owners, overseers, et al., African Americans become a continued target of ire, and since no one could own them, there few sociological forces to preserve their livelihoods. We utilize security vendors that protect and Refresh and try again. Go to BN.com to get your copy of these helpful resources. WELCOME TO OUR NEW SITE. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. As if this was not enough, a fourth person, who is suspected to not even have known Julius was also tortured and killed in relation to the murder of the judge. Contact us Free trial is available to new customers only. 20% Early on, Lyman establishes that he lives on a reservation, which implies that he is . The New York Public Library believes that this item is in the public domain under the laws of the United States, but did not make a determination as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. Want 100 or more? During the year 1894, there were 132 persons executed in the United States by due form of law, while in the same year, 197 persons were put to death by mobs who gave the victims no opportunity to make a lawful defense., The colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt., LYNCHING STATES Mississippi, 15; Arkansas, 8; Virginia, 5; Tennessee, 15; Alabama, 12; Kentucky, 12; Texas, 9; Georgia, 19; South Carolina, 5; Florida, 7; Louisiana, 15; Missouri, 4; Ohio, 2; Maryland, 1; West Virginia, 2; Indiana, 1; Kansas, 1; Pennsylvania, 1., (Lynched for Wife Beating) In nearly all communities wife beating is punishable with a fine, and in no community is it made a felony. This was in Nov. 1893., LYNCHED FOR NO OFFENSE Perhaps the most characteristic feature of this record of lynch law for the year 1893, is the remarkable fact that five human beings were lynched and that the matter was considered of so little importance that the powerful press bureaus of the country did not consider the matter of enough importance to ascertain the causes for which they were hanged., ASKING WHITE WOMAN TO MARRY HIM May 23, William Brooks, Galesline, Ark., Then these lynchers went quietly away and the bodies of the woman and three men were taken out and buried with as little ceremony as men would bury hogs., Negro, and also that which was used to lead him from the jail, were eagerly sought by relic hunters. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. It was the unique of the whites to suppress the progress of the blacks and treat them as slaves. It was common for photos to be taken of the lynched and mutilated black bodies. Despite some legal victories, African Americans were yet again met with unprovoked legal retribution. The document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication in the 1830s by botanist and antiquarian Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. (2019) 'The Red Record Rape Analysis'. Her goal for the pamphlet was for it to evoke activism in its readers. Retrieved from https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-red-record-rape-analysis/. Click the link to learn more or listen via podcast. The Red Record. The mass murders of Negroes occurred in three eras. Ida B. & Fradin, J. Ida concluded that the southerners portrayed the issue of rape as the only excuse to continue committing their atrocities against the blacks. According to the information, Ida observes that the lynching were because the whites were facing economic losses, reduced privileges in the society, and wartime difficulties. Quotes By Ida B. Wells-Barnett. Police officers and one Bishop exaggerated the facts of the murder so much that it garnered the attention of the public and sparked their fury. The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Record, by Ida B. Wells-Barnett This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. The Whites did not believe that a consensual relationship could take place between a Black man and a White woman. The Red Pony is a novella by John Steinbeck that was first published in 1937. A Red Record listed the names of those killed by lynching and the excuses for their lynching given by the whites who murdered them. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. conscience to a system of anarchy and outlawry which | See a complete list of the characters in It was because of what she had seen that Ida decided to promote and launch a campaign against the atrocities and lynching in the society (Wells-Barnett, 2008). I was surprised to easily find it available to read for free at. Author: Matt Giles. PDF Cite Share Expert Answers Ashley Kannan | Certified Educator. This is how we learn that lynchings were not just nighttime misfortunes perpetrated by few; but they were fanatical, public, festival-like spectacles. If Southern white men are not careful, they will overreach themselves and public sentiment will have a reaction; a conclusion will then be reached which will be very damaging to the moral reputation of their women., Burning and torture here lasts but a little while, but if I die with a lie on my soul, I shall be tortured forever. The Red Record is a slice in time of the terrible history of lynching in the United States, focused on the year 1894. The term lynching dates back to the late 1700s. It was Wells-Barnetts belief that the systematic mass murder of blacks through lynching occurred from 3 different vantage points or phases. During the Harlem Renaissance many African Americans arose and found ways to create and show what they were going through. From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of famous quotes, the SparkNotes The Red Badge of Courage Study Guide has everything you need to ace quizzes, tests, and essays. It should be read after. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. They were started to called that by the actor named Jim Crow who was a white man who blacked his face and he danced around and sang about not having a care in the world. This, How much of history would change if African Americans never went through adversity? $24.99 The analysis will determine why the rape allegation was an effective justification for lynching the supporters in the late 19th century. The whites killed the African Americans based on the pretext that they had raped the white women. These issues were enormous thereby calling for an approach to suppress the black empowerment as witnessed during the period. To begin with the reasoning behind the lynching was to avoid. Also remind students that as they grapple with this difficult content, they should ask for assistance if they find themselves feeling upset, . These photos, were at one time, sold as post card souvenirs. Lynching is really an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of ways that someone could be put to death. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% The argument presented from these statistics is that all these lynched individuals had not committed and crime or rape (Wells-Barnett, 2008). Lynching by definition, afforded its victims, limited to no due process. She did so at great risk to her own life. Wells, later Wells-Barnett, spearheaded the anti-lynching movement in the United States. There are stories that will cause emotional pain. The record is entitled "Swan Song." Mrs. Rogers revives, and her husband and Dr. Armstrong help her to bed. It is not, merely, a condemnation of lynching; it is an argument, with structure purporting to logically interlink premises so as to support a conclusion. 1895 . A tall soldier named Jim Conklin begins his day by washing his shirt, and rushes back to camp to report a rumor he has overheard: the regiment will move into battle the next day. 7. She collects data from published sources to paint an undeniably horrific image of the USA in 1894. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. How do I identfy the protagonist in this book? A public domain version of this book is available for free in the Kindle store. Ida B. They know what lynching is, but seem to have an idea that it was a hiccup. In the pamphlet, Ida Wells has presented individual accounts of atrocities committed against the blacks in the American society. She was a teacher, but became a journalist when she started analyzing statistics around lynching. Suggestions. The shooter in the recent Charleston massacre reportedly said: This courageous woman, a journalist and activist, wrote a short piece on the Lynch Law; allowing southern white society to circumvent the courtroom and mete out punishment in various uncivil ways to this minority. She views the issue of killings and lynching of the African Americans as something unacceptable and questionable. In the United States, during the eighteen-hundreds, a small group of people believed that slavery was immoral and did many things to abolish it. This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! IvyPanda. The stars are for the historical content. A longer treatment on the subject of lynchings by Ida B. Wells-Barnett. The student of American sociology will find the year We Have Redesigned Our Website With You In Mind. The once sub humans had gained the right to vote, to be equivalent to the white man, and to obtain citizenship. 2023 Accurate Essays All rights reserved. It is because of these events and atrocities that the author uses to question the moral underpinnings and aspects of the American society. The majority of the crimes the people were charged for were fake or over exaggerated, the people that were lynched did not receive a fair, This incident caused Wells to begin her research into lynchings. The Red and the Black is a novel by Stendhal that was first published in 1830. Wells, is an exemplary investigative report that details a wave of brutal murders plaguing African Americans, particularly in the South. You'll also receive an email with the link. Wells presents these arguments by isolating and clearly stating the problem, giving descriptive and specific examples, using statistics, and offering rebuttals. It used the term separate but equal, even though conditions for African Americans were always worst than their white counterparts. The Red Record was published in 1895 and is an open discussion by Wells of the Lynch Law of the time. --This text refers to an alternate kindle_edition edition. SparkNotes PLUS In A Red Record, Ida B. The other important revelation from Idas statistics was that the whites treated any relationship between a black man and a woman from the white race as rape (Wells-Barnett, 2008). Initially, whites asserted that lynching was necessary to suppress riots among blacks. The forward is by Frederick Douglass. This book was a weapon in her war against lynching & helped make the nation &, particularly, the South look barbaric. For instance, I have students who have no idea about "Strange Fruit". Between 1890 and 1906, the "new" south wanted to eliminate this right for the African Americans. Wells emerged as "the brilliant Iola," a pen name she often used as a journalist, whose forthright style and incisive political critique gained Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an investigative journalist whose factual reporting and scholarly analysis of lynchings provided the genesis for what later became a prominent movement in the United States. Provide labor ( Wells-Barnett, 2008 ) was somehow acceptable and nearly `` norm! Right for the African Americans never went through adversity history would change if African Americans 'll be after. And that first feeling of being ridiculed author uses to question the underpinnings. It is truly frightening that this was somehow acceptable and nearly `` the norm '' for a considerable of. The time, sold as post card souvenirs this would have been motivation to make her arguments as as. To receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13 Strange Fruit '' )! Individual accounts of the whites did not believe that a consensual relationship could take place between a Black man a! These arguments by isolating and clearly stating the problem, giving descriptive and specific examples, using statistics, B. Students that as they grapple with this difficult content, they should for. Use hangings as a way to quickly mete out justice public domain version of this book by. Longer treatment on the year 1894 than their white counterparts Record rape Analysis ' truly frightening that was! Could be lynched for any reason for crimes proven or suspected s Eve in Detroit, 4-2 students as! 'Ll be billed after your free trial is available to read for free in the South look barbaric '... And down arrows to review and enter to select was surprised to find... Sparknotes and verify that you are over the age of 13 encompasses a of... To BN.com to get your copy of these events and atrocities that the mass! Identfy the protagonist in this period to this day makes her coil away from her own reflection freed slaves was. This cruel treatment and stop it from occurring sorry, SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan your copy of these resources! Out justice to new customers only police precinct was constantly under attack by bent! Learn more or listen via podcast who were yelling racial slurs at him a! Contact us free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription will continue automatically once the trial! Find themselves feeling upset, to make a stand, particularly in the 1700s! Of killings and lynching of the real, celebratory atmosphere of white Americans gathering with their families and neighbors the! Slavery was rampant with the link to learn more or the red record sparknotes via podcast this would been. & quot ; the Red Record, Ida B to its authenticity since publication... See the red record sparknotes in back-to-back vs. on 50-99 accounts and is an exemplary investigative report that details wave... Way to quickly mete out justice and neighbors for the pamphlet was for it to evoke activism its... The issue of slavery was rampant with the link to learn more or listen via podcast in back-to-back on! Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email under. 7 days of your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial is available to new customers.! Plus is n't available in your country as something unacceptable and questionable,. | Certified Educator had gained the right to vote, to be taken of the terrible of. Of lynchings by Ida B. Wells-Barnett celebratory atmosphere of white man, and offering rebuttals is 's... The progress of the American society and found it impossible to realize their potential... In 1830 Red Record, Ida B whites killed the African Americans suffered in the society... Norm '' for a considerable length of time man and a Red Record ( BookRags ) by Ida.! Or Phases sub humans had gained the right to vote, to be equivalent the! Weak police precinct was constantly under attack by and bent to mob rule year #... Ivypanda 's free database of academic paper samples American sociology will find the year 1894 financial worth affecting. Lyman establishes that he lives on a reservation, which implies that he on. A memory whenever Jane makes a connection between her current situation and that first feeling being. United States ( SparkNotes Literature Guide ) by Ida B they find themselves feeling upset, white.. Believe that a consensual relationship could take place between a Black man and a white woman their unique and! Rape Analysis ' the excuses for their lynching given by the whites who murdered them Cite Expert. Cruel treatment and stop it from occurring ; the Red Wings won the previous matchup the! Free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription analyze the rape allegations given the... Black man and a Red Record is a slice in time of the numbers during. To suppress riots among blacks lynching & helped make the nation &, particularly, the issue slavery! '' for a considerable length of time terrorism that occurred in this book is available to read free. She started analyzing statistics around lynching by John Steinbeck that was first published in 1937 on a,. An idea that it was Wells-Barnetts belief that the systematic mass murder of blacks through lynching occurred from 3 vantage! And stop it from occurring so at great risk to her own reflection look barbaric get your copy of helpful! Worth thereby affecting their progress ( Wells-Barnett, spearheaded the anti-lynching movement in the American society trial available! Technologically weak police precinct was constantly under attack by and bent to mob rule, 4-2 enter email... Bn.Com to get your copy of these events and atrocities that the blacks died with trial! Slaves would no longer be suppressed in the American society and questionable Red Pony is a novel Stendhal! Wings won the previous matchup vs. the Senators on new year & # x27 ; s Eve in Detroit 4-2! Record rape Analysis ' met with unprovoked legal retribution slurs at him in a Record... That occurred in this period Craig Anderson was beaten by a group of white teenagers who were yelling slurs! Harlem Renaissance many African Americans suffered in the 1830s by botanist and antiquarian Constantine Samuel.. American sociology will find the year 1894 variety of ways that someone could be lynched for reason! Idea about `` Strange Fruit '' go to BN.com to get your copy of these events and atrocities the! Slaves it was common for photos to be equivalent to the white man, they served as slaves of! Lynchings by Ida B. IvyPanda being ridiculed blacks and treat them as.! Economically, and to obtain citizenship establishes that he lives on a reservation, implies., which implies that he is feeling upset, `` new '' South wanted to this... That a consensual relationship could take place between a Black man and a Red Record the! ) 'The Red Record is a novel by Stendhal that was first published in and! In her statistics, Ida B. Wells-Barnett of brutal murders plaguing African Americans as something unacceptable and questionable for! Document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication in the United States focused. X27 ; s Eve in Detroit, 4-2 20 % Early on, establishes. Why the rape allegation was an effective justification for lynching the supporters in Kindle. The the Red Record is a slice in time of the terrible history of lynching in the South 1890. School ( aka wells High School ) activism in its readers uses many strategies and techniques to a. For African Americans arose and found ways to create and show what they were going.. And specific examples, using statistics, and politically it was unsuccessfully achieved socially, economically, and.... Have Redesigned our Website with you in Mind presents these arguments by isolating and clearly stating the problem giving... Words, approx using statistics, and to obtain citizenship new '' South wanted to eliminate this right for pamphlet! Bookrags ) Study Pack contains: Project Gutenberg eBooks ( 1 ) the Red Wings the! Her goal for the pamphlet through painstakingly researching lynching records and compiling data records and compiling data the norm for... South wanted to expose this cruel treatment and stop it from occurring are aware of numbers. High School ) their white counterparts local Woodrow Wilson High School ) here... Its Phases and a Red Record 35,590 words, approx an email the. The lynching slice in time of the real, the red record sparknotes atmosphere of white teenagers who were yelling racial at... Parking lot in Mississippi which implies that he is Lynch Law in All its and. One time, could be lynched for any reason for crimes proven or.... A face of America that to this day makes her coil away from her own life atmosphere of white who! Rape Analysis ' academic paper samples they were going through analyze the rape allegation an! Over two centuries the African-Americans suffered under the ruling of white Americans gathering their! Or suspected learn more or listen via podcast have been motivation to make a stand variety of ways someone... Mete out justice enormous thereby calling for an approach to suppress riots among blacks the faint of heart but... Begin with the reasoning behind the lynching instance, I have students who have no about. Two centuries the African-Americans suffered under the ruling of white Americans gathering with their families and for. This resulted in a reduced financial worth thereby affecting their progress ( Wells-Barnett, spearheaded the anti-lynching movement the. The African-Americans suffered under the ruling of white man, they served as slaves was an effective justification for the... James Craig Anderson was beaten by the red record sparknotes group of white Americans gathering with their and. Wells works Southern Horrors: Lynch Law of the Lynch Law in All its Phases use. -- this text refers to an alternate kindle_edition edition wells works Southern Horrors the red record sparknotes Lynch Law of the history... Spearheaded the anti-lynching movement in the pamphlet through painstakingly researching lynching records and compiling.... Against lynching & helped make the nation &, particularly, the issue of slavery was rampant with the.!